albicans in the pathogenesis of early childhood caries (ECC). For instance, previous studies support the clinical importance of the association between S. īacteria Streptococcus mutans and fungi Candida albicans are considered pathogenic microorganisms responsible for causing and accentuating oral diseases. Interaction mechanisms have been elucidated for several pathogenic bacteria–fungi relationships, such as Candida albicans and the commonly isolated bacterial species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, the microbial secondary metabolite-mediated interaction between the plant-pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum and two plant-pathogenic fungal organisms Fusarium fujikuroi and Botrytis cinerea, and the characterization of 16 different bacterial-fungal pairs, examining the impact of 8 different fungi isolated from cheese rind microbiomes and two bacterial species ( Escherichia coli and a cheese-isolated Pseudomonas psychrophila). Ranging from mutualism to antagonism, interactions between bacteria and fungi have been in the spotlight because they play an essential role in driving biochemical cycles, maintaining balance in numerous ecosystems, and contributing to health and disease. Microbial interactions are crucial to maintaining microbial populations, microbiome structure, and ecosystem functions.
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